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Trees in Trouble: Wildfires, Infestations, and Climate Change Hit the West

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為了解決The Peak Lookout的問題，作者Mathews, Daniel 這樣論述：

A troubling story of the devastating and compounding effects of climate change in the Western and Rocky Mountain states, told through in-depth reportage and conversations with ecologists, professional forest managers, park service scientists, burn boss, activists, and more. Climate change manifests

in many ways across America, but few as dramatic as the attacks on our western pine forests. In Trees in Trouble, Daniel Mathews tells the urgent story of this loss, accompanying burn crews and forest ecologists as they study the myriad risk factors and refine techniques for saving this important,

limited resource.Mathews transports the reader from the exquisitely aromatic haze of ponderosa and Jeffrey pine groves to the fantastic gnarls and whorls of five-thousand-year-old bristlecone pines, from genetic test nurseries where white pine seedlings are deliberately infected with their mortal en

emy to the hottest megafire sites and neighborhoods leveled by fire tornadoes or ember blizzards.Scrupulously researched, Trees in Trouble not only explores the devastating ripple effects of climate change, but also introduces us to the people devoting their lives to saving our forests. Mathews also

offers hope: a new approach to managing western pine forests is underway. Trees in Trouble explores how we might succeed in sustaining our forests through the challenging transition to a new environment. DANIEL MATHEWS is the author of Natural History of the Pacific Northwest Mountains, Rocky Mou

ntain Natural History, and Cascade-Olympic Natural History. During a career of writing about the natural history of western North America, he has backpacked far and wide, watched for fires from Desolation Peak Lookout, witnessed a forty-foot fir crash onto his family’s house in a storm, and lived fo

r years in a forest cabin without electricity, heating with firewood and writing by kerosene lamp. He lives in Portland, Oregon.

The Peak Lookout進入發燒排行的影片

1999集集地震(Mw 7.6)滑動帶礦物學與磁學性質之研究與應用

為了解決The Peak Lookout的問題，作者周祐民 這樣論述：

當地震發生時，斷層泥中之主要滑動面產生物理與化學轉變，導致斷層泥中之礦物發生礦物相改變與新礦物生成。斷層泥中含有磁性礦物，可經由斷層滑動產生之摩擦熱與液體的作用而生成。因此在地震發生的過程中，斷層泥具有獲得磁性紀錄的能力，可用來作為判定地震滑動帶的工具。此外經由分析受地震作用而改變與新生成的磁性礦物，可進一步回推地震時斷層泥中之物理與化學變化過程。 本研究利用台灣車籠埔斷層深鑽計劃中B井所連續取得之岩芯樣品，包含1999年規模7.6集集地震之車籠埔斷層主要滑動帶斷層泥，進行岩石磁學與古地磁學研究分析。此外本研究亦採集車籠埔斷層地表破裂帶之斷層泥進行奈米粒子分析。 本論文第一部份利

用古地磁學方法分析指出，深度1,136公尺斷層帶(亦稱FZB1136)之斷層泥之古地磁記錄方向與現今地磁場方向相符，而其他斷層帶與圍岩之記錄不符，判斷FZB1136為集集地震主要滑動帶，此外由岩石磁學結果，可指出集集地震在此斷層泥中主要滑動面之位置。此斷層泥中獲得殘磁記錄之主要磁性礦物為磁鐵礦與針鐵礦，磁鐵礦主要分佈於主要滑動面，而針鐵礦分佈於整個斷層泥之中。本研究提出一斷層泥在地震過程中重新磁化模式：（一）殘磁記錄在地震間隔時期保存（二）地震時殘磁記錄消失（三）在地震之後斷層泥中液體冷卻過程中獲得地磁場記錄。 本論文第二部份，利用顯微觀察與岩石磁學方法，分析FZB1136斷層帶和錦水頁

岩中黃鐵礦與磁性礦物之關係。錦水頁岩中可發現許多微球狀黃鐵礦與自形黃鐵礦，磁性礦物以磁鐵礦、硫複鐵礦與細顆粒磁黃鐵礦為主。在斷層泥中黃鐵礦數量較圍岩減少許多，主要磁性礦物為針鐵礦、磁黃鐵礦與部份氧化磁鐵礦。此三種磁性礦物為地震後所新生成，磁硫鐵礦成因可能為黃鐵礦在多次地震過程中，受摩擦熱高溫（溫度高於攝氏五百度）分解形成。針鐵礦成因推論因為集集地震後，造成之熱液（溫度高於攝氏三百五十度）於降溫過程中所形成，此熱液亦可解釋磁鐵礦部份氧化與磁黃鐵礦逆轉化為黃鐵礦之成因。這些新生成之磁性礦物可提供研究沈積岩中斷層帶，於地震過程產生物理化學變化之指標。 本論文第三部份，分析FZB1136斷層帶之

磁學參數，可觀察到斷層帶中之磁感率最高值與等溫殘磁最高值，具有約四公分之偏移，磁感率最高值位於主要滑動面，而等溫殘磁最高值則位於斷層帶中央。然而此兩磁性參數皆為磁性礦物豐度指標，斷層帶中主要磁性礦物為針鐵礦與磁鐵礦，此兩礦物之磁學特性不同且分佈範圍不同，可能為造成此兩磁性豐度參數偏移之原因。本研究利用針鐵礦與磁鐵礦分佈模型，利用其磁學特性參數不同，模擬計算斷層帶之磁感率與等溫殘磁分佈曲線，此模式計算出磁鐵礦在主要滑動面的最大豐度值約為300 ppmv，而針鐵礦在斷層帶中央最大豐度約為1%。 本論文第四部份，為判斷地震斷層滑動摩擦造成斷層泥粒子破裂之最小粒徑，用以協助斷層滑動破裂能估算，本

研究採樣集集地震車籠埔斷層地表破裂面斷層泥，分離不同顆粒大小粒子至奈米粒徑，使用同步輻射X-光粉末繞射儀與穿透式電子顯微鏡進行分析觀察礦物相與產狀。斷層泥主要礦物成份為石英、長石、澎潤石、伊萊石、綠泥石與高嶺石，而粒徑小於100奈米之粒子礦物組成為石英、澎潤石與伊萊石，然而在粒徑1至25奈米之粒子無石英存在，只含有澎潤石與伊萊石。澎潤石與伊萊石在此露頭環境條件下易風化新生成，石英則為穩定不易改變，因此石英可作為地震摩擦破碎指標，此斷層泥中破裂能估算之最小粒徑可至約25奈米。 本論文第五部份，為FZB1194與FZB1243兩斷層帶之磁學分析初步結果。此兩斷層帶中各含有一層黑色硬質塊，然而

在FZB1136中並不含此層。此兩斷層帶之古地磁學記錄，皆具有一磁極正向與反向記錄，然而殘磁是由許多分向量所重疊構成，無法完全的分離每個分向量。反向磁極記錄成因有幾個可能性：（一）車籠埔斷層帶活動年代早於78萬年（二）地震發生在古地磁場漂移期（三）磁性礦物殘磁自反轉；未來需更進一步研究確定成因。由此兩斷層帶磁學參數分析結果中，可觀察到與FZB1136相同之磁感率最高值與等溫殘磁最高值偏移現象，顯示在此兩斷層帶中亦有不同磁性礦物豐度分佈變化。此兩斷層帶中主要磁性礦物種類為磁鐵礦與針鐵礦，然而與FZB1136具有幾點不同：（一）斷層泥中無單一分向量古地磁記錄（二）此兩斷層帶中存有超順磁性磁性顆粒存

在（三）此兩斷層帶僅有部份FZB1243含有磁黃鐵礦。由這些現象顯示，此兩斷層帶所記錄之地震規模可能小於FZB1136所記錄之地震規模7.6集集地震。

National Geographic Trails Illustrated Mt. Baker, Boulder River Wilderness Areas, Mt. Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest: Washingt

為了解決The Peak Lookout的問題，作者National Geographic Maps (COR) 這樣論述：

- Waterproof - Tear-Resistant - Topographic MapNational Geographic's Trails Illustrated map of Mount Baker and Boulder River Wilderness Areas is designed to meet the needs of outdoor enthusiasts looking to enjoy the limitless recreational opportunities in the western Cascades of northern Washington.

Expertly researched and created in partnership with the U.S. Forest Service and others, the map's coverage includes many attractions in and around Mount Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest, like Mounts Baker and Shuksan with their glaciers; Mount Baker, Boulder River, Wild Sky and Noisy-Diobsud Wilder

ness Areas; Mount Baker National Recreation Area; Baker and Spada Lakes; Sauk and Skagit Wild and Scenic Rivers; and Forks of the Sky, Wallace Falls and Rockport State Parks. Trails in the area are all labeled according to their designated usage, whether you are exploring on foot, skis, horseback, m

ountain bike, ATV or snowmobile, including parts of the Pacific Crest and Pacific Northwest Trails. To aid in your navigation, the map includes contour lines, elevations, labeled peaks, water features, selected waypoints, areas of wooded cover, numbered Forest Service roads and color-coded boundarie

s between the various land management agencies in the region. The Mount Baker Highway, North Cascades and Mountain Loop Scenic Byways are all marked. Many of the area's recreational activities are pinpointed on the map, such as campgrounds and campsites, picnic areas, trailheads and interpretive tra

ils, downhill and cross-country ski areas, motorized and non-motorized sno-parks, boat ramps, fishing holes and lookout towers.Every Trails Illustrated map is printed on "Backcountry Tough" waterproof, tear-resistant paper. A full UTM grid is printed on the map to aid with GPS navigation.Other featu

res found on this map include: Bacon Peak, Baker Lake, Boulder River Wilderness, Iron Mountain, Lake Chaplain, Lake Roesiger, Lake Shannon, Monroe, Mount Baker, Mount Baker Wilderness, Mount Bullen, Mount Shuksan, Mt. Baker National Forest, Noisy-Diobsud Wilderness, North Cascades, Ragged Ridge, Sau

k River, Snoqualmie National Forest, Suiattle River, Sultan River, Twin Sisters Mountain, Wild Sky Wilderness.Map Scale = 1:75,000Sheet Size = 25.5" x 37.75"Folded Size = 4.25" x 9.25"

競合關係於 Android 應用程式商店供應商之探索性研究

為了解決The Peak Lookout的問題，作者洪慧芳 這樣論述：

智慧型手機和平板電腦的蓬勃發展，帶動了行動應用程式產業的興起，亦使 Android 應用程式商店如雨後春筍般湧現，並以成為 Android 應用程式之消費與散佈的入口商店為目標。本研究採用質性研究方式探討 Android 應用程式商店供應商（Google、智慧型手機與平板電腦製造商、電信業者（MNO）、獨立應用程式商店和應用程式開發者）為何以及如何建立之間的競合關係。雖然供應商為了讓 Android 作業系統、設備及應用程式的普及化而相互合作，卻又彼此競爭因普及化所帶來的利益。期間的競合關係會隨時間而變化，因此帶動了 Android 應用程式的發展。本研究提出四個有關 Android 應用程

式供應商競合關係之研究方向，讓未來研究人員能以此更進一步了解以及探討 Android 行動應用程式產業間的競合關係。